2.
  -2021
..  
 ()
:      :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.     '      :
() 
() 
() 
() 
2.          
-
3.         
4.          
2.
-
5.   ,    
6.             
- 
7.             
8.         '   :
() 
() 
2.
  -2021
..  
 ()
:      :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.     '      :
() 
() 
() 
() 
: 󷘗󷘘󷘙    :       󷘗󷘘󷘙

           ,         
       ,         ,  
     ,            

      ,      , ",     

?              ?"
    
  , "       ,   
            
  , ,  
      ,  "
  ,         -    
,    

 
2.
()  ()-    
  ?
   
      
  
  -   ,   ,    -   
    ,
   
         
 ,        (  )     
       ,       
:
              ()       
 10    ,    -       
:
            ( )     :   
    
  , ,        -      
 
 
10    :
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 
              
2.
()  ()-   
  ?
,”    , “        
 
 ?”
     , ",          "
:
                  
  , 
       ,   
  

:
1.  ()
2.  ()
3.  ()
4.  ()
5.  ()
6.  ()
7.  ()
     (     )    
  :
1.    -    (  )
2.   - /  (, , ,     )
3.   -   (     )
:
 
"    "   
 ,  
          
 ""       ,        -    
 
 :
7  :
5    (, , , , )
2   (  ) -   

2.
 ,       -       
()  ()-   
     ", 
           

        
   
?"
  , " !     
  -     

 "
:
  "" ()                (
  )      
     :
1.   -   ( )
2.   -   ( )
3.   -  ( )
:
   "  "    
 ,        
      
         ,       ',   
  
  (  ):
 -  
 -  
 -  
  '        -    

?
    ,          
    -      
2.
()  ()-    
 ,       
    , " 
  
   

 ?"
  , "
             
  "
:
                  
   -          
   ,   ()  22    
    :
 
             22   
 ,      
:
    , 3       , 2  ,      
         
  :
, 
   ' 12        (    ),  
        -         
       

?
     ( 
  )        , 
()         
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹:   
   ,         
 -      
,             , -  
 ,    ,         
          
 -   , 
     
2.
2.          
:󷘖      - 
   
      

   
 '   
  - 
 ...   ,    
   ,         
   -     
  ?   ?      ,   , , 
         ?
             ,  
       
󷆫󷆪     -   
,   
  ,    
  ,  
 ,    , 19
     
1800      ,             -  
                 
            '      
       ,        
      ,  1842     
                
       ""  ,   "" (  
  )  "" (-      )      
             ,    
 
 ,  , ,         ,  
        
   ,   
, 
       
󺟐󺟑󺟒󺟓󺟔󺟕󺟖󺟗󺟜󺟘󺟙󺟚󺟛    -   
       ,         
?
        ,    19
 
                '   
         
2.
 ,           ,    
                 
   ,           
   
,    ,         
   
󷘗󷘘󷘙   -     
      
           ,    
       ,      '  , 
     -  -    '    , 
              
   
󼮮󼮯󼮰     :
20
             ,  
              
 ,            !
,     ,            
    ,            
   
󷘺󷘻󷘼    
   ,          - , ,
   

?

  ,             
                ,    
                 
 
,              
        
2.
󷘨󷘩󷘪󷘫  -   
         
 ,    
       

?
1.     
 ,       
 ( )   ,    
  
2.         "-"       



, 1940 ,          
 '   !
,              , 
-,               
                 ,
      ,          '
  
󹺊  - -  - 
 ,         - 
     

    ,       '  
 ,           ,  
        '         
      ,     :
     
           
     
󷼲󷼳󷼴󷼵󷼶󼋖󻰝󻰞󼋗󻰟󻰠󻰡󻰢󻰣󻰤󻰥󻰦󼋘󻰧󼋙󻰨󻰩󻰪󼋕󼋚󷽇󷽈󼋛󷽉      
 ,             :
  -          
     
  -             
  
2.
.. -          
  
         
,       
   
󹷦󹷧󹷭󹷨󹷩󹷪󹷫󹷬     -  
 
,     -       ,       
 ,            
         ,       
    
  ,          ,  
    '          
    
 
󹰎󹰏󹰐󹰑  
            , ,  
   , 
  -             , 
   ,     ,   '        
,     
 -    ,   
    
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 -     
    ,     
  ,  
         ,     ,   
        ,       ,  
       
     '    
 ,     
    
    ,     ,     
           
2.
-
3.         
:󷉥󷉦   -       -󷉥󷉦
   
              ,
            ,       
 
  
           
 

     , 
    ,     
    
 , 
  , "    ?"
    ,    , "          
  
,    
 "
           -        
󷘖  ?
         :
 ( )     
;    ,  ,     
   ()         
              (, , , , , , )
   ()           
 - 
    ,    ,    
 
   , 
   

 
  
   
 -     ,   ,   ,     
󼨐󼨑󼨒 :
 =  +  + 
:    ,     ,     ,   
   ,            ,   -

:7    (      ) ,     ,      
    ()   ,     ()
2.
:    
  -  , ,  , , , 

󷖳󷖴󷖵󷖶󷖷  :   
         
 
   ,      ,            
  - , , , , , ,        ,   
      

   ,   
 
    

  

   

   

    

    
 ,    , "
    
 , 
  
 
   '      
 ,    ,      ,
    "
             ;         
   ,       
 
󷘗󷘘󷘙   
      ,      :
1.  ( )
         
:     
2.  ( )
     
    
:     
3.  (   )
2.
   -         
4.  (  )
        
5.  ()
    ,              
󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉    ?
 ,         
""        ,       () 
 ()       
7   (, , , , , , )     :
 7 
 6 
  5 
   ',        :
1.  (7 )
 aaroh / avroh  7    
:        7     
2.  (6 )
      6   
:     7    6 
3.  (5 )
  5    
:      5     
 ,     :


 
5
5
 - 
6
6
 - 
2.
7
7
 
5
7
 
6
7
 
7
5
 


...
 ,                  
  
󼖻󼗓󼖽󼖾󼖿󼗊󼗋󼗌󼗠󼗡󼗢󼗄󼗃󼗣󼗤 
 ?
    :
   
  
   
     
     
                ,
  7         
󷉸󷉹󷉺  :    
     7               
  ,         5      , 
     6        ',    
    7    
 , "          
    
 "
              5   7, 
       
     ,     
  
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹      





     
     
 - 
2.

   ()   
    ()   
 

     
     
 - 

      
      
 

       
       
 

:

(
)





-


 
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬 
         
                 
 5    ,             

      
,       
    
󼳊󼳋󼳌󼳒󼳍󼳓󼳎󼳏󼳔󼳐󼳑 
     :
       ,        
    
      
     
          
 ,          "   ?       ?   
    ?"
           
4.          
:󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃 -      
          , 1862      
                
        
        -  

2.
, ,           -     
   
      ,        

               
             
    

               ,  
 ,          ,     
  ( )    
󷘰󷘱󷘲󷘳󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘸󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘹    
    
        ,       
                - 
     -   , ,     -
                    
   
            
      , 
    
  ,        
,                - 
    
󷘺󷘻󷘼 -    
                
   ()            
     ,         
       
                
    ,   ,       
         16  18        
   ,       
    
 -       ()   
2.
󷘗󷘘󷘙    
     ,         , 
     ,           
 ,       -     ,  
   
           '  ,   
              -
               
    
    ,  
      
            (  )      
,            ,   
          
󷘰󷘱󷘲󷘳󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘸󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘷󷘹     
 
    ,         
'       :
   ()
    (       )
  (      )
   ()
   ( )
   
          
         ,      
               

,      
         ,        
                '
            
,   , "   

  
 ,  
  
"
              
,   
󷘨󷘩󷘪󷘫   
2.
         
      
           :
1.    :         
           " " 
,      
2.   : ,         
         -    
    
3.  :             
              
    
4.     :        
 
,          '
            

󷆯󷆮   
 
    ,      ,     
             :
  (1958)
  (1971)
    
  ,            

     
 
 1972  110         ,     
,  

      
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   
            
 :
 ,            ,
" 
                
?"
2.
      , "  
       
 "
        
  -      

,      
 
󷖤󷖢󷖣
         - ,  
,       '         
              ,      
,    ,    
   
    
      ,  ,    ,

          
-
5.   ,    
:󷘖    :      
     ,             
      '       ,      
-      ,      ,    
" 
             ?"     
   ,      ,      
     -         
      ,          --
 
󻎅󻎆󻎇󻎈󻎉󻎊󻎋  ?
     ,         '   
 :           ,    ,   
         

   :
  ():16
 ():4 ( 4 )
2.
 ( ):    |     |     |    
     ,           

 
󼼧󼼨󼼫󼼬󼼩󼼪  ?
        -   
   
     -   ( ),       ( ),   
     ( )   ,          

 -    '  
   '  ,  ,     
              
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨     
󷃆󷃊 ( ) -  
      , ,     
    ()         
      16   
:





...
  ,          
,   
-
  
  :
          ,       
         , "      -  ,

 ,  "      
󷃆󷃋 ( ) -  
    !
2.
 ,         
           16     
           
 
  ':
1  = 2 
16  = 32 
 ( ):

 1
 2
1


2


...
...
...
   
              
    
 :
   ,    
 -  ,     
              
   
    
󷃆󷃌 ( ) -   
    
     
    
 ,         
         64   
      , 
     
  ':
1  = 4 
16  = 64 
 (- ):
 1
 2
 3
 4




2.




...
...
...
...
           (    ) '  
 
  :
   () ,          
    
        
 ,   
 ,        , "          
 -       "
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫     

  
  
  
 

16
1
16


16
2
32


16
4
64
 
              
,  '   ,      
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
?
,       :
         
     '   
      
    ,       
   
 -   
   
󷉪󷉫󷉬󷉮󷉭󷉯󷉰󷉱󷉲󷉳 
         -     
  ,   ,   
     -       ,
   ,    
        ,       ,  
  ,   -   -           
,
         -   
2.
 
                
      󷖮󷖯󷖰󷖱󷖲󼮮󼮯󼮰.
6.             
:󷉸󷉹󷉺     -      
          ,            
     '           ,  
  ,             ","   ,
" 
       ,    ' '    

?"
    ,       ,  , "   
   
 ,   , 
  "
               
󷘖  -     
 ,      ,         
  '                
       - , ,   
󹻂:
󹻂 (   ):
󹻂 (  ):
󹻂  :  ( 6  -  9 )
󹻂: -  (     7 )
󹻂 ( ):
   ()   
󹻂 ( ):
     ()   
 :  ( )          
  
2.
󹻊󹻋󹻌󹻎󹻍   ?
        
 
    , "   ,      ( ) 
          -  ,    '  
        "
    :          ,    
         ,  
 ,     , 
    
      
󽄡󽄢󽄣󽄤󽄥󽄦      
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷   
  :  ' 
 (16 : 4 + 4 + 4 + 4)
:  ()
: ,  , 
:
o  (gat):     
o :       
o :  
o :  
  ,      (    ) 
  

,       
          
    
󷘗󷘘󷘙   ( )     
            ,    (16 )  
  
 4       4  () :
󷘺󷘻󷘼  ( ):
|     |     |  '  |    |
 (   ):
       
2.
  '     
 ( ):
' ' ' '    
'   ' ' '  
:
'' =  
 (')       
  
 (16 )    :     |     |  
  |    
󷖮󷖯󷖰󷖱󷖲  ( )  3 
     ,    '  
     - 
           
         :
󹻁 1:   '   
|   '   |     |  '  ' |  ''   |
:              ,    
    
     ()   ()  
 
󹻁 2:     ()
|      | '    |     |     |
:          (  )  
  
      
 '    

󹻁 3:   
|    '  |     |   ' ' | ' ' ' ' |
:                
       -     
2.
󼮖󼮗󼮘󼮙󼮚󼮛󼮜󼮝󼮞󼮟󼮠󼮑󼮒󼮓󼮔󼮕    -   
       ,     , " ,   
        ,  ?"
    , " !            ,
           "
  ,     
   -         ,
  ,                
  
,        
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 -      
  
         
 
  ,       
      ,    
 
   ,       
-
7.             
: -:  -   
,       ,   ,  ,  
,      -            
, 
                ,
   -     -        
,                  
     ,      
󷘖       :   ,   
   ,      
      -  
  
              
          
 ,       
  
?
2.

          
 
      
 ,       
, 
             ,    ,
    -      -    , , ,  
      
󷖤󷖢󷖣   :     
                ,
    (,    )   ,        - 
, ,           
  ,      
,     
,    
  
     
 -        ,
    ,  -           
    
󷅶󷅱󷅺󷅷󷅸󷅹 :   
 ,       ,       
( )    ,           
( )             

 
       , " 
    
  ; 
    "             
      ,         
      :
"    ,   " (     
, 
    
 )
  
            
 -  
          
󷘗󷘘󷘙    (  )  
         ,    
 
   
  :
1. - 
2.
                
                     -  
   , ,    , 
 ,       
         
       ,         
              
      ,       ,   
       -      
2.  ()  
        ,         
   ,              
      ,    
     
 ,   ()       ,       
     
3.  
 
 ,  -     -        
  ,                
        
     ,    ,        
                  

  ,    ,     
         ,      
󷘺󷘻󷘼  :   
            ,    
  
         ,      -   , 
   -              ,    
        
2.
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 :    
           -       
        
       
 ,          , 
   ,                - 
   
,    :  ,   -
󷉸󷉹󷉺 :     
                   ,  
                 

,        ,       
      ,  -    '    -    
    '  ,         
 : 
            ,   
 
󼮈󼮉󼮊󼮋󼮌󼮏󼮍󼮎󼮐 
          
      
          ,  ,    
          
,  60     31  
       
 , ,         '  
󷓉󷓊󷓋󷓐󷓑󷓒󷓓󷓔󷓕󷓖󷓗󷓌󷓍󷓎󷓘󷓙󷓚󷓏:  
         
 -       
  
;    ,        
           -    ,  
- ,      
           
,      
 
    -  ,          
      
 -          
 , 

    
2.
8.         '   :
() 
() 
: 󷅶󷅱󷅺󷅷󷅸󷅹     :    
   -     ,       
 (  )     ( )   -  
      ,      ,      -
        
,          

 ,       
    
    ,     ,  
   ,           
      ,         :
  
        
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹()  -       
 
󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈  :
     ,             
   
 -            ,
           
󷘖  -   :
      ,          
         
                
                 ,  
       ()   ,    
            () 
 ,    
  
 ,           
-      ,        
           
 -    
 () 
2.
󷘗󷘘󷘙      :
1.    ()  :
      ( ) 
   
2.    :
   ( )          
   
3.   :
  (    )        
     '   
󹻊󹻋󹻌󹻎󹻍 
 :
           ,     
,      
         
   ,         ,  1947  
      ,        
,          ,  
              
 
󷉪󷉫󷉬󷉮󷉭󷉯󷉰󷉱󷉲󷉳()  -     
             :  
 
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳""    ?
  ""  ( ""   )    " "  ""  
 ,    ()  , ""       
  
󷘺󷘻󷘼 
 ?
 
           ,  
     ',
    ,      -       
 
       
       :
2.
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   :    
                
,       , "  -     !"
         :
"        "
󼮈󼮉󼮊󼮋󼮌󼮏󼮍󼮎󼮐 :
 ,         -        '  
            :
      
          
  '           
󷘗󷘘󷘙    :
  ',    (  )    ,   
    ,             
              
󷖤󷖢󷖣 :     
            
 :


  

/

 -,
    

   

 
 
 
 
   
    


   
   
    
  ;
  
  
    ,
    
  
2.
󷆊󷆋󷆌󷆍󷆎󷆏    
  
 ,  
            ,  
 
             
 - 
           

     ,        - 
  

  
   -     ,    
      
󺪿󺫀󺫁󺫂󺫃󺫄󺫅       
     
 ,     
   -  
          ,       
   -
        
 ,      
    ,   ,   
  
"               

       ,         "